A Standard Patch is a streamlined mechanism for updating earlier versions of a Windows Installer installation package, thereby updating the application.  Patches only contain the changed data between the versions to be updated.  Windows Installer patches have the .msp filename extension.

A Quick Patch is a specific type of project that is recommended for shipping small, single updates to your users.  Quick Patches do not provide as much flexibility to you, the installation developer.  They are more restrictive.

So, if your patch requires more extensive changes, such as the addition of custom actions or the changing of .ini data, then you would want to use a standard patch.  Personally, since I know how to do both, I prefer to always use standard patches.

Hopefully, this brief post will give you a clue as to which one to use for your specific need.  Ultimately, you should try both for yourself, and then decide.